绝(jue)缘(yuan)子在高压(ya)输电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)路中是(shi)必不(bu)可少的(de)(de)一个(ge)组成部分。 它(ta)的(de)(de)作用(yong)主要(yao)(yao)体现(xian)于两(liang)个(ge)方面，***个(ge)方面，它(ta)能(neng)(neng)(neng)使处于高电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)(de)导线(xian)与(yu)处于低电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)(de)杆塔相(xiang)互连(lian)接，承受了导线(xian)的(de)(de)重力、风力等(deng)机械(xie)(xie)力，因(yin)此(ci)它(ta)需要(yao)(yao)满足机械(xie)(xie)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求；第二个(ge)方面，它(ta)还需要(yao)(yao)保(bao)证两(liang)者(zhe)之间绝(jue)缘(yuan)，这是(shi)其(qi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)气方面的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)要(yao)(yao)求。绝(jue)缘(yuan)子的(de)(de)结构比较简单，制造(zao)(zao)(zao)成本(ben)也(ye)相(xiang)对较低，它(ta)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)不(bu)亚于其(qi)他构成电(dian)(dian)(dian)力系统(tong)的(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)设备和器件。输电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)路中的(de)(de)绝(jue)缘(yuan)子是(shi)并联运行的(de)(de)，其(qi)中任(ren)何(he)一串(chuan)绝(jue)缘(yuan)子出现(xian)问题(ti)都会(hui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成输电(dian)(dian)(dian)线(xian)路的(de)(de)故障， 严重时(shi)会(hui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成长时(shi)间的(de)(de)停电(dian)(dian)(dian)，对电(dian)(dian)(dian)力系统(tong)的(de)(de)安(an)全运行、以及人们的(de)(de)日常生活造(zao)(zao)(zao)成很大的(de)(de)伤害。

　　目(mu)前国内采用(yong)的方(fang)法有(you)三种(zhong)（仅供(gong)参考） 

　　1、 绝缘电阻法 

　　绝缘(yuan)子在(zai)线(xian)检测(ce)过(guo)程中，绝缘(yuan)电阻的(de)测(ce)量是通过(guo)泄漏电流的(de)测(ce)量得以实现(xian)的(de)。 

　　高压输电(dian)(dian)绝(jue)缘(yuan)子一般采用结构简单、机械强度高、老化率(lv)低(di)、串(chuan)接成串(chuan)后(hou)可在任意(yi)电(dian)(dian)压等级的输电(dian)(dian)线上(shang)使用的盘形悬式(shi)绝(jue)缘(yuan)子组合而成，其等效电(dian)(dian)路(lu)可用RC串(chuan)并联电(dian)(dian)路(lu)表(biao)示(shi)。 绝(jue)缘(yuan)电(dian)(dian)阻法存在的问题(ti)并非完(wan)全在于(yu)电(dian)(dian)流的准确(que)测量，它还(hai)取决于(yu)以下因(yin)素： 

　　（1）输电(dian)线路的(de)电(dian)压变(bian)化直(zhi)接影(ying)响到泄漏电(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大小(xiao)，且电(dian)压变(bian)化引起的(de)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)改变(bian)值在(zai)理论上足以(yi)与一至二个(ge)绝(jue)缘(yuan)子(zi)劣化时的(de)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)改变(bian)值相(xiang)当。 

　　（2）绝缘子(zi)(zi)的泄漏(lou)(lou)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)与其表(biao)面的污秽(hui)程度密(mi)切相关(guan)。杆塔结构、绝缘子(zi)(zi)老化程度、绝缘子(zi)(zi)形状(zhuang)及天气(qi)状(zhuang)况(kuang)，如(ru)温(wen)度、湿(shi)度，甚至风速风向对绝缘子(zi)(zi)泄漏(lou)(lou)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)的大小都(dou)有影响，因而泄漏(lou)(lou)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)值在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)常情(qing)况(kuang)下(xia)亦是(shi)一个(ge)随时间变化的量，存在(zai)(zai)一个(ge)如(ru)何正(zheng)确判(pan)定绝缘子(zi)(zi)串是(shi)否存在(zai)(zai)劣质绝缘子(zi)(zi)，即(ji)如(ru)何确立(li)判(pan)断(duan)标准的问题(ti)。 

　　2、电场测量法 

　　高压线路上的(de)(de)(de)合成绝缘(yuan)子(zi)可简(jian)化(hua)为夹在两金属电(dian)极间的(de)(de)(de)连续绝缘(yuan)材料，绝缘(yuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)伞裙对(dui)电(dian)场(chang)分布(bu)无影响。在这(zhei)个简(jian)化(hua)模型中，根(gen)据(ju)电(dian)场(chang)理论计算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)场(chang)强度和电(dian)势沿(yan)绝缘(yuan)子(zi)轴向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)变(bian)化(hua)曲(qu)线A在正(zheng)常时光滑；当(dang)绝缘(yuan)子(zi)存在导通性(xing)缺陷时，该处(chu)电(dian)位(wei)变(bian)为一常数，在相(xiang)应的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置上有畸变(bian)，中间下陷，两端(duan)上升(sheng)。因此，测量(liang)合成绝缘(yuan)子(zi)串的(de)(de)(de)轴向(xiang)电(dian)场(chang)分布(bu)可找出绝缘(yuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)内绝缘(yuan)导通性(xing)故障。 

　　3、 脉冲电流法 

　　所谓脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)冲(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)法是通(tong)过(guo)测量绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)冲(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方法来(lai)判断绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)状况，其原理是：存在(zai)劣质(zhi)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)串(chuan)中，由于(yu)(yu)劣化(hua)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)低，它在(zai)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)串(chuan)中承(cheng)担(dan)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)也较小，于(yu)(yu)是其它正(zheng)常(chang)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)串(chuan)上的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)受(shou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)必然明显大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)常(chang)情况时的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)受(shou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，而因回路阻抗变小，绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)现象的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)剧，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)冲(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)必将变大(da)(da)。根据(ju)线(xian)路上存在(zai)劣质(zhi)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)时电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)冲(chong)(chong)(chong)个数(shu)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)多、幅值增(zeng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)现象，利(li)用(yong)宽频带电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)冲(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)传感器套入杆塔接地引线(xian)取出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)晕(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)脉(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)冲(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)信号(hao)，通(tong)过(guo)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)信号(hao)处理手段，从而达到在(zai)低压(ya)端检出不良绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。